![]() ![]() For example, HIV-related stigma has pushed the HIV-epidemic underground, fueling ongoing transmission, and other disease-related stigmas are associated with negative health outcomes ranging from missed clinical visits to suicidal ideation. Regardless of setting, research has consistently found that stigma is associated with negative health outcomes. Stigma is a social process that occurs between groups this process can occur in-person and online. ![]() Stigma is the deleterious, structural force that devalues those who hold undesirable characteristics. Adjusting for population size, the 5 states with the highest prevalence of postperiod “Chinese virus” tweets were Arizona (5.85), New York (6.04), Florida (6.09), Nevada (7.72), and Wyoming (8.76). The 5 states with the highest number of postperiod “Chinese virus” tweets were Pennsylvania (n=5249), New York (n=11,754), Florida (n=13,070), Texas (n=14,861), and California (n=19,442). On average, 0.38 tweets referencing “Chinese virus” or “China virus” were posted per 10,000 people at the state level in the preperiod, and 4.08 of these stigmatizing tweets were posted in the postperiod, also indicating a ten-fold increase. ![]() All 50 states witnessed an increase in the number of tweets exclusively mentioning “Chinese virus” or “China virus” instead of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or coronavirus. A total of 16,535 “Chinese virus” or “China virus” tweets were identified in the preperiod, and 177,327 tweets were identified in the postperiod, illustrating a nearly ten-fold increase at the national level. ![]()
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